It may also be called experimental method. As an activity public administration is as old as man himself. This is possible only when we do not neglect the humane approach in administration. Viewed from the jurisdictional point of view, the sphere of public administration includes the central government, state government, its regional and local authorities and also the public corporations. Dr. L.D. A wider view of public administration so as to include the activities of all the three branches of the government on their agencies whether international, regional, local or national in their scope will make the subject unwieldy. White opines, “Public administration consists of all those operations having for their purpose the fulfillment or enforcement of public policy.”, (ii) Pfiffner observes, “It would seem that administration consists of getting the work of government done by coordinating the efforts of the people so that they can work together to accomplish their set tasks.”. Woodrow Wilson’s essay The Study of Administration appeared in 1887. Thus it is obvious that though according to eminent authorities on the subject public administration studies the administrative is restricted the administrative to branch of the executive organ only, yet its scope is very wide and it varies with the people’s concep­tion of good life. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION - A blog about Public Administration. Public Administration is law in action. It is the inclusive process of integrating human efforts so that a desired result is obtained.”. The integral view postulates all types of activities from manual to managerial; from non-technical to technical whereas managerial view takes into account only the managerial activities in an organisation. W.F. Furthermore, administration, according to integral view, would differ from one sphere to another depending upon the subject-matter whereas that will not be the case according to managerial point of view, because the managerial view is identified with the managerial techniques common to all the fields of administration. Things, no doubt, are of great importance to the administrator who arranges them but they cannot be administered by him. It may be observed that all the above approaches are useful for the proper understanding of the subject of Public Administration. Many individuals who were placed in charge of public administration revolutionized it and left their mark for generations to come. Luther Gulick also writes the same way. Administration is thus concerned with proper organization of men and material to achieve desired ends. While doing this however, the focus which, was identified to be on the hierarchical, bureaucracy was shifted to markets and private sector organisations. Of course, Public Ad­ministration cannot make direct use of Experimental method as its subject-matter is too complex and difficult to be brought under controlled condition for observation, comparison and experimentation. It differs from other social sciences to the extent that it deals with human behaviour in the area of activities undertaken by the government organizations. í/¾ê ëAí#Y…\I&l‰ƒ¼2x¦RÊRº­³\µEWÇdß@)aNc”E. 72 towards the end of eighteenth century. Irrational elements of human nature viz., hopes, fears, habits, likes and dislikes play important part while running administration. Fetal stage - From around 9 weeks after fertilization and ends with birth. Complexities in modern administration and economic organisation have no doubt made the bureaucracy indispensable. L.D. Its facts can neither be isolated nor measured nor classified with exactness as is the case with physical sciences like Physics and Chemistry.” Oxygen plus Hydrogen make water wherever experiment is made. Nigros’ summarizing of the meaning of Public administration seems more impressive and all comprehensive. Administrative history seeks to explain the administrative institutions and arrangements of today in the light of the experience of the past. White adopts this view of public administration. Paradigm 5: public administration as public administration, 1970-present (NPM) At this stage, there was effort to reestablish the discipline as an autonomous field of study. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION - A blog about Public Administration. Introduction to Public Administration: Essay # 2. In actual fact a bunch of papers on the subject came to light entitled ‘Papers on the science of Administration. They observe “The term administration is also used in a narrower sense to refer to those patterns of behaviours that are common to many kinds of co-operating groups and that do not depend upon either the specific goals towards which they are co-operat­ing or the specific technological methods used to reach these goals”. In managing There is a difference of opinion among the thinkers on whether Public Administration is a science or not. These views are: According to this view, public administration is a sum-total of all the activities undertaken in pursuit of and in fulfillment of public policy. Administration is not purely a legal structure but it is essentially a problem of human relations. Its main advocates are L.D. As such it is not concerned with all the acts of the three branches of government but studies only a part of the executive branch, i.e., the policy executing branch or the administrative branch—which forms a subordinate unit of the executive. In natural science like Physics for instance according to Law of Gravitation, anything thrown up is attracted towards the earth. Importance of Public Administration in Democracy and Other Details. With the passage of time people chose to live in groups which resulted in the emergence of community. Essay # 2. Public admin­istration uses certain methods by which administrative facts are collected, analyzed and put into proper form and certain conclusions are drawn from them. Let’s take a look at five key figures who did just that. Luther Gulick sums up the scope of the subject by the letters of the word ‘POSDCoRB’ by which he means Planning, Organization, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting. The term ‘method’ means an apt way of doing something. The term is of recent origin. A good administration is acclaimed as an asset. Robert A. Dahl writes, “We are a long way from a science of public administration. In 1926 was published L.D. If this was not to be the case, a com­puter could be the substitute of chief executive. Before taking action the mind has to be made up on the basis of science but ultimately there must be action to achieve the desired result and the action is an art. There are five stages in the chronology of the evolution of Public Administration as a discipline: Stage 1: politics administration dichotomy(1887-1926) Stage 2: principles of administration(1927-1937) Stage 3: era of challenge(1938-1947) Stage 4: crises of identity(1948-1970) Stage 5: public policy perspective(1971 onwards) It is the executive, the operative and the most obvious part of the government. For instance, enforcement of law and order is an activity and is part of Public Administration. "vA In the latter case varying attitude may cause such results. According to this view, the work of only those persons who are engaged in the performance of managerial functions in an organisation constitute administration. It means that administration must come up to the expectations of the people. In short, all ages and all countries have contributed their share of administrative experience. Thus those critics who are not prepared to categorize Public administration as a science mainly advance the following arguments to support their contention: (a) Public administration is a species of human behaviour. He held that one could discover the best way of principles of managing everything. It has been concerned with offices, with the stated duties, limitations, prerogatives and disabilities of offic­ers and with the legal obligations and rights of citizens. It includes a study of military administration. Administration of some sort has existed since earliest times and in the course of history a large and extensive volume of knowledge accumulated which formed the science of administration. The bureaucrats who are worried about lucrative postings and out of turn promotions become psychophants and dance to the tune of erring politicians. It studies these activities and functions, frames concepts, formulates theories and shapes models. It is ‘the technique of administering, the process of work­ing,’ i.e., the ‘how’ of administration. Moreover, one cannot get a true picture of as to how an organization functions in practice. Most of them sharply refute its claim to be a science. Luther Gulick defines these techniques by the letters of the word: POSDCoRB which means Planning, Organisation, Staffing, Direction, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting. Modern democracy has brought in the concept of a welfare state. It is because the characteristic of bureaucracy make it behave in predictable way 1. After critically examining the principles of Public Administration Simon observes, “Before a science can develop principles, it must possess concepts”. Like other sciences, it has its own methods of study. Fourthly, it is opined that if it is not Science today it is likely to become Science in due course. According to Charles worth, “Administration is an art because it requires fineness, leadership, zeal and lofty convictions.” In the words of Ordway Tead, “Administration is a fine art because it summons an imposing body of special talents on behalf of collaborative creation which is integral to the conduct of civilized living today.”. Introduction. Understanding the ongoing transformation of public sector organisations across the world is a vital task for organisational researchers and public administration scholars alike. It may be called ‘technology of social relationships’. The Communist Party at first held that a strong administrative organization was bound to damage the revolution by dampening spontaneity and other revolutionary virtues. In view of the important role of public administration in the life of people, its study cannot be ignored by the citizens of a country. The main characteristics are regularity, predict­ability, absence of normative value, reproducibility and exactness. Outcome was Minnow brook conference in 1968 and … The integral view includes the activities of all persons engaged in administration whereas the managerial view restricts itself only to the activities of a few persons at the top. Likewise when an invader like Communist China and aggressive neighbour like Pakistan tried to challenge our national integrity. Further, it is a study of all prob­lems connected with external control of Parliament and the Cabinet over administra­tion, internal control of administrative machinery, judicial control over administra­tion, administrative tribunals, planning, programming and execution of public ac­tions, recruitment of personnel and problems connected therewith, research, infor­mation, public relations, etc. 3. Frank J. Goodnow’s Politics and Ad­ministration was published in 1900. They were edited by Luther Gulick and L. Urwick and were published by the Institute of Public Administration New york (USA). The Clinton Administration's plans to do so were delayed by public opposition, then halted for good reason by the Bush Administration. Research is used to test existing theories to see if they are strengthened or weakened. There are two divergent views regarding the nature of Public Administration. Each approach has its own relevance and utility. Without proper management your commonwealth is no better than a scheme on paper and not a living, active, effective Constitution.”. The cabinet can hardly formulate a policy without the advice or assistance of administrative staff. Willoughby, Taylor and Warner. He says that while analysing the role of public administration in the sphere of development the entire issue must be viewed not through Western eyes because the states of Europe and America have already reached a mature stage of economic development and the concept of management or public administra­tion has assumed different shape and dimension. It is the permanent executive as distinguished from the political one. Their job is to plan, programme and organize all the activities in an organisation so as to achieve the desired ends. The problem of administration arises, whenever and wherever men live together. It includes delegated legislation, preparatory work done by the officials in drafting of bills for enactments, etc. Development Administration has also found a prominent place as a new branch of public ad­ministration. Stages of Evolution of Public Administration. It has further increased the scope of state activity leading to ever increasing demands on public administration for more and more of services. Pub­lic Administration is also discipline like Economics, Sociology, and Political Science etc. It consists of ‘doing the work’ or ‘getting the work done by others’. The landmarks in the evolution of New Public Administration are: (i) The conference on the Theory and Practice of Public Administration. The theory of delegated legislation disapproves the distinction between politics and administration. It stands for the process or activity of administering governmental affairs. its government. Such a framework can form the basis for further study and analysis eventually resulting in the emergence of science of Public Administration. Willoughby’s Principles of Public Administration. These activities include not only managerial and technical but also manual and clerical. Public administration cannot be separated from policy formulation. Sisson’s The Spirit of British Administration and some European Comparisons, is a typical attempt towards a comparative study of administrative institutions. Dimock, Dimock and Koening sum up in the following words: “As a study public administration examines every aspect of government’s efforts to discharge the laws and to give effect to public policy; as a process, it is all the steps taken between the time an enforcement agency assumes jurisdiction and the last break is placed (but includes also that agency’s participation, if any, in the formulation of the programme in the first place), and as a vocation, it is organising and directing the activities of others in a public agency.”. It is a process of management which is practiced by all kinds of organisations from the household to the most complex system of the government. Moreover, principles for different brands of administration differ. Public administration is run by human beings and not robots. Biology differs from mathematics in that its subject-matter makes observation more difficult, and correlation of data less exact. Whether an official speaks or writes or tours on duty, he does a thing which has some practical end. Public administration as management (1956-1970) 5. Sixth Stage of Public Administration (1991 - 2000) Phases in the Evolution of Public Administration 2. He was concerned with mechanical efficiency and viewed administration as a technical problem. Without proper organi­zation and management, it becomes difficult for men to live together. It is a process of work in a departmental store, a bank, a school, a hotel or a city.’ We give below some definitions of the word ‘Administration’ to be followed by more pompous word ‘Public administration’. Specialized jurisdiction, office, task and division of labor and authority regarding the achievement of organization goal 2. The term is of recent origin. The individual feels helpless in the wake of large-scale factory production, resulting in the concentration of means of production in few wealthy hands and causing numerous hazards to life and health of over-crowded cities where such factories exist. Throughout the world the demands made by people upon governments have continually increased and in time to come they would further increase. While doing this however, the focus which, was identified to be on the hierarchical, bureaucracy was shifted to markets and private sector organisations. Things may be arranged but ultimately it is the par­ticipation of the human element that matters. It is the new approach to the study of public administration. But none of them is adequate by itself. Fifth Stage of Public Administration (1971 - 1990) New Public Administration 6. Directing means making decisions and issuing orders and instructions. Phases in the Evolution of Public Administration Phase Indicative Period Traditional / Classical Public Administration 1800s to 1950s Modern Public Administration Development Administration (1950s to 1960s) New Public Administration (1970s) New Public Management (1980s … Under the earlier system, the chief aim of comparative study was to prescribe ideals of administrative structure and action. Similarly, Dimock holds that administration is concerned with the ‘what’ and the ‘how’ of government. In a more summarized form, we can sum up by saying that applied administration includes the study of administration in the various countries of the world, the study of various departments or services in the progressive states and the study of organization at various levels of governmental local, national and international, the appraisal of the histori­cal development of administrative methods and techniques and the study of the problems con­nected with international organisations. An ignorant Indian villager may not know anything of the Constitution of the country, but a ‘Daroga’ is a living reality to him. The new trend also involves a greater interest in the study of environment factors which influence administrative institutions. Public administration - Public administration - France: A fundamental change in the status of the civil servant came about as a result of the French Revolution of 1789. Without it personnel cannot be employed and work cannot be performed. The discipline of Public Administration was born in the USA. (b) No agreed principles of public administration have been so far evolved. Plagiarism Prevention 4. Edmund Burke said long ago, “Constitute government how you please, infinitely the greater part of it will depend on exercise of powers which are left at large to the ministers of State. Fifthly, the scope of normative value in public administration can be minimized but it cannot be eliminated altogether. However, science of administration can never be precise and exact science like the Physi­cal Sciences. By now, the subject of public ad­ministration has achieved enough maturity and become an independent academic discipline in the American Universities. Thus its emphasis has been on the presumed action of officers in carrying out the laws and also on the correctives that are available.”. TOS 7. In the words of Andre Molitor, “the case, as presented to the student in the file or monograph, comprises every possible aspect of the situation. Broadly speaking, Public Administration embraces the entire area and all the activity of the government. New Public administration supports bureaucratic responsiveness, citizens participation and neighbourhood control over bureaucrats at local level. The legal method is mostly used in the continental countries of Europe. Public administration in the United States has undergone many changes over the years and decades as a result of fluctuations in economic and social conditions. Its functions both in the capitalist and the socialist states have become manifold. By safeguarding such frontiers as maintenance of law and order, communications, public health, education, etc. (i) “Administration is the determined action taken in pursuit of a conscious purpose. Phases in the Evolution of Public Administration 1. The students of today are the administrators of tomorrow. Man, is a social animal. The administrator may think in abstract of the people he deals with, come to conclusions which are justifiable apparently, but which miss the human element. Multiple hematopoietic lineages can be generated from embryonic stem cells, although most of the evidence suggests that hematopoietic development from embryonic stem cells mimics an embryonic/fetal stage of hematopoiesis. The Department of Public Service andAdministration (DPSA) is at the centre of Government. But it is to be understood that Public Administration is a social science like other social sciences, namely, Political Science, Economics, Ethics, etc. What does all this indicate? It covers foreign administration which includes international co-operation, international agencies for international peace and prosperity, diplomacy, etc. It was first coined by U.L. The present administrator is concerned not only with developing the administrative techniques but it has also become important for him to study the ecological and human aspects of public administration. During this time, precursors to almost … Further it enunciates the principles or ideals underlying those activities. In fact they are complementary to each other. How many of us know as to what happens to a clerk when he falls ill? The advocates of physical sciences emphasize that social sciences like Public Administration cannot claim to have these characteristics. Hence, its principles and findings may not hold good in other parts of the globe where different cul­tures prevail. Mersen says, “Science is investigation and observation, followed by tabulation, classification and correlation. Since the convening of the Minnow-brook conference in 1968 and publication of Towards a New Public Administration Minnow-brook Perspective edited by Frank Manm the era of New Public administration is said to have dawned’. Public administration - Public administration - The Soviet Union: In Russia the Revolution of 1917 swept away the tsarist civil service. The role of state has become still more vital. It includes a study of executive-legislature relationship, politico-adminis­trative activities of the cabinet, minister-official relationships, etc. It is one of the oldest systematically formulated approach. “It is as much a general science as Economics or Psychology or Biology more of a science than History or Politics”, Thus there can be no doubt that Public Administration is a science. (c) Enunciation of set principles in public administration is not possible because adminis­trative behaviour cannot be completely rational. (a) The Establishment of the Heavy Electrical Plant at Bhopal. Thus, the ordinary individual can feel secure only if large-scale organisation based on sound principles of administration caters to his interests. With a view to enriching the science of public administration and discover new tech­niques and principles of administration, special institutions have been established in all the advanced countries. 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